Here is the best image we have ever seen of Pluto, because this is the closest a man-made object has ever come to the former ninth planet.
New Horizons snapped and beamed this wonderful photo to Earth when it was just 766,000 kilometers from the surface of Pluto. It is the first time human eyes have ever seen Pluto in all of its glory.
The heart-shaped terrain at the bottom was unknown, as are all of the wonderful and diverse terrain features we can now feast our eyes upon!
I’m not kidding.
It’s not quite little green men, but Russian cosmonauts have found microscopic organisms living on the outside surface of the International Space Station.
The microscopic lifeforms, identified as a type of sea plankton, were found during a spacewalk recently.
“Results of the experiment are absolutely unique,” Russian ISS Orbital Mission Chief Vladimir Solovyev told ITAR-TASS. “This should be studied further.”
Gizmodo reports that there’s a chance that this life not only survived in the vacuum of space, but it might have multiplied and grew!
Neither NASA nor the Russian space agency can account for how sea plankton ended up on the outer hull of the ISS. One far-fetched explanation says that atmospheric currents might be lifting the lifeforms up from the ocean all the way to the ISS — which is 205 miles in the sky.
The lifeforms were found when cosmonauts on a clean-up mission analyzed engine gunk that had dirtied the surface of the ISS.
A team led by a Harvard astronomer announced that it found proof of what happened just after the Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago.
The scientists discovered a distinct pattern in the distant cosmos that reveals a hyper-expansion of our universe, known as inflation. They used a telescope at the South Pole for this discovery.
The researchers also captured the first images of gravitational waves, which were predicted a century ago by Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity. They also made the first measurement of a type of radiation predicted by Stephen Hawking.
The discovery is hailed as a transformative event that will produce complicated questions for physicists to explore as well as give insight into the query of how the universe began.
“This is one of the most important scientific discoveries of all time,” said Max Tegmark, a physicist from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who was not involved in the work but attended the announcement in a packed auditorium at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. “It’s just like when something big happens in your personal life and you keep waking up and saying, ‘Whoa!’ I keep having these ‘whoa!’ moments. This is absolutely spectacular.”
The theory of cosmic inflation was proposed by MIT physicist Alan Guth in 1980 because simpler models of the Big Bang could not explain some features of the universe as it appears today, such as how uniform it is across the sky. Guth describes inflation as the “bang” of the Big Bang.
Inflation proposes that the initial expansion of the universe was caused by a repulsive form of gravity. This opposes the normal way of thinking about gravity as an attractive force. Based on the theory of inflation, the initial patch of the universe that underwent inflation would have been unbelievably small, about one-billionth of the size of a proton, and then it would have expanded exponentially. In the slightest fraction of a second, the universe would have doubled in size 100 times.
As the university continues to expand today, “what we see now is still a coasting expansion, originating from the Big Bang,” Guth said.
Guth’s initial idea has been developed by other scientists over the years, but there was no direct evidence to support it until now. The energy needed to recreate the conditions of the early universe in a particle accelerate were so high that it was unfeasible.
The Harvard team approached the problem in a different manner. One prediction of the theory is that the rapid expansion would have led light all across the sky to interact with gravitational waves and leave behind a particular pattern of polarized light in the cosmic microwave background.
Using a telescope called BICEP2 at the South Pole, the team claims to have detected that swirly polarization pattern, called B-mode polarization. If confirmed by other experiments, it will be strong evidence of inflation and help scientists determine which theory of inflation is correct.
“I think we can think of this measurement today as opening a new window up on what we believe to be a new regime of physics, the physics of what happens in the first unbelievably tiny fraction of a second in the universe, and at extremely high energies,” said John Kovac, the team leader and an associate professor of astronomy at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center.
Guth said Kovac e-mailed him to tell him he had some urgent news, then came to Guth’s office at MIT and disclosed the results last week.
“I was ecstatic,” said Guth. “I hope this will sort of put the nail in the coffin, and define inflation as being the theory.”
Andrei Linde, a Stanford University physicist who developed Guth’s theory further and put forth a version of inflation called chaotic inflation, said he was cautious because the discovery was so profound. He said the team that made the measurements is extremely strong, but as with all science, the work must be repeated by others. If true, he said, the finding is worthy of a Nobel Prize.
“The signal is compatible with models which I proposed a long time ago, so for me, this is fantastic news,” Linde said. “For the general theory of relativity, for Einstein’s theory, it’s fantastic news because the gravitational waves is part of Einstein’s theory, never seen—just like the discovery of the Higgs boson was necessary for proving the standard model of particles.”
The scientists emphasized that they were eager to see other competing experiments confirm their results, and that a faster and more powerful version of the telescope called BICEP 3 now being built will allow them to probe even further the polarization pattern to learn more about inflation.
This discovery comes at a historic time – a half-century after a pair of scientists at Bell Labs used a horn-shaped antenna on top of a hill in New Jersey to make measurements of microwave radiation. They saw a stubborn, noisy background signal in their data, and despite efforts to get rid of it, it remained. Eventually, they realized it wasn’t due to faulty equipment, but was actually the faint afterglow of the Big Bang.
That measurement spurred a revolution in cosmology, finally confirming that the universe had a discrete beginning and allowing scientists to discard the longstanding “Steady State theory,” which said that the universe had always existed. It also sparked careful study of the cosmic microwave background, which has provided new insight into the structure and formation of our universe.
“I guess one can never rule out some other theory coming along which does something better, but this [discovery] really seems to make a pretty tight story from very early time to now, and that’s very satisfying,” said Robert W. Wilson, a Harvard astronomer who co-discovered the cosmic microwave background in 1964 at Bell Labs and shared the Nobel Prize for the work. “I was a little bit skeptical of inflation, but now it looks like it’s really a pretty tight fit.”
Every pre-teen in a middle school science course learns about the solar system as a neat, orderly place. Since the formation of the solar system as we know it today, the eight planets have orbited around the sun in exact patterns, in an exact order. Who doesn’t remember the mnemonic devices? “My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos”, “Many Very Educated Men Just Screwed Up Nature”. However, it seems that the universe isn’t as precisely organized as scientists have thought.
MIT researchers have recently concluded that the solar system once acted like giant snow globe. Planets catapulted closer to the sun and then farther away, sending asteroids swirling like the white flakes contained in those glassy spheres.
Francesca DeMeo, a Hubble Fellow at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics who earned her undergraduate and Masters degrees from MIT and earned her PhD at the Paris Observatory in France, conducted a study on the composition and history of asteroids in the asteroid belt. Over the course of her research, DeMeo realized that some asteroids were obviously not in the same place where they had formed. “We’d find a few asteroids, that we think formed close to the Sun, at the outer part of the belt near Jupiter,” she told Ars Technica, a technology news and information website.
DeMeo organized the tens of thousands of asteroids and categorized them according to position and composition. Traditionally, scientists have viewed asteroids as pieces of a planet that failed to form due to the pull of Jupiter’s gravity. Now, it seems that, at some point, Jupiter bowled through the asteroid belt, sweeping away asteroids and scattering those remaining.
This discovery also has implications concerning how water arrived on Earth. Scientists believe that water was brought to Earth through long-ago collisions with asteroids. If this is true, the stirring of the planets might have been essential for the presence of water on Earth, and the existence of other Earth-like planets may be less frequent than previously hypothesized.
Scientists have detected extraterrestrial clouds covering two of the most common types of planets in the Milky Way, according to NASA.
Two teams of researchers used the Hubble Space Telescope to characterize the atmospheres of the two exoplanets. One of them is called a “super-Earth” since it is larger than Earth, while the other has been dubbed “warm-Neptune” as its orbit is closer to its parent star than the distance between Neptune and the sun in our solar system.
As both planets pass in front of their parent stars, the atmosphere creates a bloated sphere that precedes the body of the planet in the front and follows it in the back. Scientists have studied how light changes to determine the compositions of the atmospheres it penetrates.
For warm-Neptune, formally called GJ 436b, the study of light was unusual in what the researchers could not find. The light was featureless, revealing no chemical fingerprints in the planet’s atmosphere.
“Either this planet has a high cloud layer obscuring the view, or it has a cloud-free atmosphere that is deficient in hydrogen, which would make it very unlike Neptune,” Heather Knutson of the California Institute of Technology said.
In a separate study, researchers examined super-Earth, also called GJ 1214b, and obtained similar results – featureless light that led to the conclusion that the atmosphere could be predominantly water vapor or hydrogen.
The Hubble Space Telescope allowed this second team to get a deeper view of the planet’s atmosphere, finding evidence of high clouds covering the planet. No chemical signs were revealed in the clouds, but researchers were able to rule out water vapor, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide in them. Models of both planets predict the clouds could be made of potassium chloride or zinc sulfide.
The Hubble Space Telescope’s maximum capabilities were utilized in this research. The launch of the James Webb Space Telescope at the end of the decade will allow for an even more detailed look at distant planets.